hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
youth; springtime of life; adolescent
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
old man; venerable gentleman; venerable; old; father
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
surroundings; environs; circumference
to deceive; to delude; to trick; to be as ... as ... (e.g. "as bright as day", "as beautiful as a rose")
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
to surround; to encircle; to enclose
environment; circumstance
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to catch; to capture; to grasp (e.g. meaning); to perceive; to captivate; to move (one's heart)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
letter (of alphabet); character; writing
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
general; popular; common; typical
explanation; interpretation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
idea commonly (generally) accepted in the world
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
offense; offence; crime; guilt; punishment
failure; mistake; blunder
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
supposing; even if; granting that; temporarily; provisionally; for the time being
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
proof; evidence; certificate; license; to testify (usu. Christian religious context); enlightenment