indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to tie; to fasten; to hitch; to secure (trust, patronage of customers, etc.); to keep (an employee, someone's interest, etc.); to save (someone's life)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
defeat; loss; reverse; setback
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
not a chance; you wish!; that's not going to happen; that won't work
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
regrettable; vexing; upsetting; unthinkable; wholly unexpected
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to take out (e.g. garbage); to put out (e.g. dishes on table); to serve (e.g. meal); to get out (e.g. food from cupboard); to submit (e.g. ideas, opinions); to provide for
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
worn-out; shabby; seedy; wrinkled-up; threadbare
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah