honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
messenger; police and judicial chief (Heian and Kamakura periods); klesha (polluting thoughts such as greed, hatred and delusion, which result in suffering)
to degenerate; to lapse into
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ceremony; rite; ritual; service
place; spot; grounds; arena; stadium; range
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
one of two (possibilities, alternatives, etc.)
have no choice; there is nothing but; no more than
incomplete understanding; doubt; question; distrust; suspicion; strangeness
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
emperor (of Japan); mikado; (the gates of an) imperial residence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to move (house); to change residence
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
to face; to go towards; to head towards
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
together; at the same time; same; identical
how; in what way; how about
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn