indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
present; gift; to give a present or gift
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
exactly; precisely; just; as if; as though; quite
tightly; closely; exactly; precisely; suddenly (stopping); perfectly (suited)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
don't you think?; indicates question
to put on weight; to gain weight; to grow fat; to get stout
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become thin; to lose weight; to reduce (one's) weight; to be barren; to be infertile; to be sterile
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the more I think about it; the more one thinks about it
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
reading too much into (what ... says)
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
fear makes the wolf bigger than he is; things are not as scary as they seem; (lit.) the ghost, when examined closely, is withered silver grass
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
look here; I say; well; I know what; I'll tell you what; just a minute