indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
alone; by oneself; on one's own
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
time; hour; period; class
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
to be conspicuous; to stand out
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
chime; bell (e.g. doorbell)
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to let something (or somebody) go past; to do too much
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
trouble; bother; annoyance; to be troubled (by); to be bothered (by); to be inconvenienced (by)
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
repeatedly; over and over again; several layers deep; layer upon layer; row upon row
to lie on top of one another; to be in a heap
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
single; solo; solitary; just one; only one
reality; actuality; hard fact
to draw (conclusion); to deduce; to derive
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
to begin to rain; to begin to snow
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity