indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
old house; deserted house
firefly (Luciola cruciata); lightning bug; glowworm
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
senior high school; high school
annual (plant); first-year student
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to collect; to put (it all) together; to summarize; to aggregate; to bring to a conclusion; to finalize
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
serious; honest; sober; grave; earnest; steady
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
poor; pitiable; pathetic; pitiful
honorific/polite/humble prefix
(one's) older brother; young man; sonny; lad
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
older brother; elder brother
to be much obliged (to someone); to receive favor (favour); to be indebted; to be grateful
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
polite; courteous; careful; close; overly courteous; overly careful
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
thank you; thanks; much (thanks); very (sorry); quite; really; somehow
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
something said for politeness' sake; diplomatic language; honeyed words; lip service; empty compliment
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only