indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
certain; sure; doubtless; I have no doubt; You can depend on it; It's a safe bet
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
root (of a plant); root (of a tooth, hair, etc.); center (of a pimple, etc.); root (of all evil, etc.); source; one's true nature
educational institution; school; academy; campus
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
service tunnel (cables, gas, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
glasses; eyeglasses; spectacles; judgment; judgement; discrimination
suffix appended to somebody else's family members
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
half; 50%; tie; 5 parts; 5%
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
surplus; margin; leeway; composure; placidity; complacency
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
attractive; good-looking; stylish; cool; smooth; neat
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
encouragement; spurring (on); cheering (on)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such