Hokkaido (island, prefectural-level administrative unit)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
junior college; vocationally oriented two or three year post-secondary education institution
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honesty; sincerity; trust; reliance; (religious) faith; devotion
suffix for familiar person
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
success; passing (e.g. exam); eligibility
notice; notification; report; posting
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
than; from; out of; except; but; more
lovey-dovey; head-over-heels in love
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
taking an examination (esp. school and university entrance)
to grapple with; to wrestle with; to engage in a bout; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to come to grips with; to work hard on
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
studying for a test (esp. school or university entrance examinations)
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
vocational school; technical school
route; course; path; one's future course (e.g. after graduating high school)
change; modification; alteration; revision; amendment
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
sea monster; green turtle
live (esp. concert, show, etc.); live performance; alive
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
passing (a test, examination, etc.); pass (for admission, transport, etc.); ticket; pass (of a ball); (giving something a) pass; skipping (one's turn)