house; one's house; one's home; one's family
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
Kshitigarbha (bodhisattva who looks over children, travellers and the underworld); Ksitigarbha; Jizō
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to curse; to put a curse on; to detest intensely
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
gear; speed (e.g. 4-speed transmission)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
curse; spell; malediction
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leak out (a secret); to be exposed (a lie, improper behaviour, etc.); to be found out; to get away (of fish)
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
disaster; calamity; misfortune; trouble; woes
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fall onto; to happen; to befall
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
to have a talk; to tell a story
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
opening (a new store, golf course, runway, etc.); open; frank; open (car, collar, tournament, etc.)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
Formosan sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
some time ago; recently; lately; last (Sunday, etc.); previous
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk