indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(suffering) damage; injury; harm
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
opposite side; other side; over there; that way; the other party; the other person
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
settlement; village; community; (bacterial) colony
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
one night; all night; overnight; one evening
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
offer; tender; providing; sponsoring (a TV program)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be found; to be discovered
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to go uninvited; to call on without an invitation; to barge in on; to throng to; to crowd into; to converge upon
to cause trouble (for someone); to annoy; to bother; to inconvenience
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
sleeping outdoors; sleeping out in the open air; camping
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
bed; berth; crib; cot; kip; bedroom
as (for); for; in the capacity of
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
princess; daughter of a nobleman
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
historic ruins (remains, relics); archeological site
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
don't you think?; indicates question
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence