indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
officiating priest; presiding priest at a ceremony; religious teacher; highly-ranked priest; guru; instructor (yoga, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ordinary person; average person; man in the street; everyman; (a) nobody
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
it is, isn't it?; I know, right?; innit?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
temple; sacred place; shrine; sanctuary; tabernacle
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
in that way; thus; so; so?
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
fresco; mural; wall painting
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put up (a notice, sign, etc.); to hang out (e.g. a banner); to hold up high; to raise overhead; to tout (a principle, plan, etc.); to herald; to publish
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
handing down (information); legend; tradition; folklore; transmission
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
already; now; no longer; not any more
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous