remote region; frontier (district); border(land)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
reclamation (e.g. wasteland); cultivation; development; pioneering; opening up (e.g. new market); breaking new ground
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
by today; before the day is over
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
outbreak of war; starting a war
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be in time (for); to serve (suit, meet) the purpose; to be good enough; to be enough
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the five skandhas (matter, sensation, perception, mental formations and consciousness); the five aggregates
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
negotiations; discussions; connection
to put to use; to make use of; to turn to account
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
just cause; good reason; pretext; duty (to one's country, sovereign, etc.)
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
evacuation; withdrawal; revocation; repeal; retreat
biggest; greatest; largest; maximum
merit; success; meritorious deed; achievement; accumulated experience
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
almost; roughly; approximately
certain; sure; definite; reliable; sound; solid
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do