inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
suffix for familiar person
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
show; display; pretensions; pose (in kabuki); posture
to stick; to paste; to stretch; to spread; to form (e.g. ice on a pond); to fill; to swell
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
close; intimate; on good terms
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
to invite; to ask (someone to do); to tempt; to lure; to induce (tears, laughter, sleepiness, etc.); to arouse (e.g. sympathy)
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
one-night stand; taking home a woman from a bar, club, etc.; takeout (i.e. food); take-out; takeaway
course; route; course (of study); program; lane (in running, swimming, etc.); course (of action); policy
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah