indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
silly; foolish; absurd; childish; easy; trifling
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inconsequential; indifferent; not worth worrying about; whatever; whichever; I don't care
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
grandfather (may be used after name as honorific); male senior-citizen (may be used after name as honorific)
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
conviction; belief; confidence
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
beginning; outset; first; onset
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
imitation; fake; phony; pseudo-
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
witnessing; observing; sighting
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation