indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; division; phylum; counter for cannons
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
opening (a door, window, etc.); leaving open; opening up (e.g. to the public); allowing (public) access
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
test; trial; probation; ordeal; tribulation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
exemption; exoneration; discharge
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
participation in a war; going to war; taking part in a competition or contest
(arch.) office; (arch.) official; chief; head; (Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa) person (usually a woman) whose duty it is to officiate at religions ceremonies
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
it's been a long time; long time no see
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
withering; shrivelling; shrinking; atrophy; contraction
keep ...-ing; have been ...-ing; leaving (something) on; leaving (something) still in use
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
mask; veil; disguise; anonymous; unmarked; incognito
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?