indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; division; phylum; counter for cannons
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
inner citadel; core; center; centre
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
castle tower; keep; donjon
consists of; comprises; is made up of
this occasion; at this time; now
prize winner; pennant winner; victor
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
opening (a door, window, etc.); leaving open; opening up (e.g. to the public); allowing (public) access
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
just a minute; small quantity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
selection; classification; sorting; screening; triage
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
(real) ability; true strength; merit; arms; force
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
surface; face (i.e. the visible side of an object); front (of a building, etc.); obverse side (i.e. "head") of a coin; outside; exterior; appearance
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
top; top position; senior management; senior bureaucrat