junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
apprenticeship; probation; learning by observation; apprentice; trainee; probationer
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
degree; extent; (health) condition; state of health; adjustment; moderation; addition and subtraction
how; in what way; how about; questionable
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
in that way; thus; so; so?
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
had better ...; had better not ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience