junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
apprenticeship; probation; learning by observation; apprentice; trainee; probationer
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
suffix for familiar person
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
degree; extent; (health) condition; state of health; adjustment; moderation; addition and subtraction
how; in what way; how about; questionable
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful
humour; humor; safety; health; in a good mood; in high spirits
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
heh heh heh; tee-hee; giggle
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
about to start out; just about to leave or go out; outing; trip
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
latte; caffè latte; radio and television
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing