junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
salary; pay; medical care; treatment; advance preparation
apprenticeship; probation; learning by observation; apprentice; trainee; probationer
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
suffix for familiar person
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
degree; extent; (health) condition; state of health; adjustment; moderation; addition and subtraction
how; in what way; how about; questionable
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
activity (esp. energetic); great efforts; conspicuous service; to flourish; to participate actively; to play an active role
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
to put one's heart into; to devote oneself to
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
most; highest; maximum; best; wonderful; finest
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
happy; auspicious; propitious; naive
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to breathe out; to breathe; to tell (a lie); to use (foul language); to vomit; to throw up
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
to load (a gun, etc.); to charge; to put into (e.g. emotion, effort); to include (e.g. tax in a sales price); to hang over; to shroud
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)