indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
boss; leader; head; boss (difficult enemy, usu. at the end of a section or level)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to take over; to capture; to seize; to hijack (vehicle, account, etc.)
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
what?!; what did you say?!; why?; what for?; anyone; anything
to drain; to pour; to wash away; to distribute (e.g. electricity over wires, music over a PA system, etc.); to circulate; to cruise (e.g. taxi); to float
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to get rid of; to erase; to dispel; to eradicate; to wipe away
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
joining (a group, team, etc.); enrollment; enrolment
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
seriousness; earnestness; truth; sanctity
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
meaning; significance; sense
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
scenery; scene; landscape
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)