indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
love; affection; attachment; craving; agape; Ireland
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in one's hands; in one's control
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
three generations; third generation immigrant; sansei; the third (e.g. Henry III)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
permission; approval; authorization; to permit; to authorize
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
straight (ahead); direct; upright; straightforward; honest; frank
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
end (of a street, hallway, etc.)
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)