New Year (esp. first three days); first month of the year; January
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hard; solid; stiff; tight; strong; firm (not viscous or easily moved); safe
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
occasionally; once in a while; now and then; rarely; seldom
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
serious; honest; sober; grave; earnest; steady
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to begin to say; to start talking; to broach (a matter); to be the first to say; to suggest (doing); to propose
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
adds force or indicates command
honorific/polite/humble prefix
mochi wrapped with sweet bean jam
mochi; (sticky) rice cake
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that's good; that's nice; like (on social media); is that clear?; OK?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
strained bean paste; smooth anko; fine-grained sweet bean paste
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
coarse anko; coarse sweet red bean paste
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
or something; for instance ... (though there are other suitable options); ... or ...; as soon as; right after; while still
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
warehouse; storehouse; cellar; magazine; granary; godown
clique; group; (political) faction; wing; school; sect
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement