indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
training; practice; discipline; ascetic practices
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to tear; to rip; to break through (cordon, opponent's defense, etc.); to breach; to defeat; to beat; to break (e.g. silence)
most; highest; maximum; best; wonderful; finest
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to watch over; to watch attentively
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
magical powers; supernatural powers; spell; charm
to handle (men); to master (a tool); to manage; to acquire a command of (a language)
whole (body); full-length (e.g. portrait); systemic
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
clothing; dressing; binding (of a book)
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
even more; still more; further
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.); to throw down the gauntlet; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to attempt; to pressure (someone) for sex; to make advances to
unusual; rare; new; novel; fine (e.g. gift)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
honorific/polite/humble prefix
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to weigh on one's mind; to bother one; to be interested (in); to be curious (about); to feel like (doing); to feel inclined to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
large; big; older; senior; final; ultimate
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you