leadership; initiative; spearhead
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to keep within limits (e.g. spending); to restrain (e.g. emotions); to control; to hold back (e.g. an enemy); to check; to curb
fault; error; going poorly; being disadvantageous; un-; non-
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
perfect; complete; flawless
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
control; management (e.g. of a business)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
decision; determination; resolution
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to grant (request, wish); to answer (prayer); to fulfill (conditions); to meet (requirements)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
low-life; sleazebag; boor; person of humble rank; humble person; peasant
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
common people; ordinary people; masses
lazy; idle; indolent; slothful
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
people (of a country); nation; citizen; national
support; backing; endorsement; support; holding up; propping
to incline toward; to slant; to lurch; to go down (sun); to wane; to sink
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
influence; power; might; strength; potency; force
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
civil war; insurrection; rebellion; domestic conflict
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
greed; craving; desire; appetite; hunger; avarice
to spur on; to urge forward; to impel; to drive at high speed (e.g. a car)