humus; leaf mold; leaf mould; mulch
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lightly (floating, drifting, etc.); buoyantly; soft; fluffy; unsteadily; flightily
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to make a speech; to address
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
assistance; help; aid; support; reinforcement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
readiness; preparedness; resolution; resignation
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
tension; mental strain; nervousness
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
entomophagy; insect eating
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
interest (in something); curiosity (about something); zest (for)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to avoid (physical contact with); to avoid (situation); to ward off; to avert; to put aside; to move out of the way
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to carry on one's back; to be burdened with; to take responsibility for; to have (something) in the background; to be in front (of something); to be conceited