indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
evil deed; wrongdoing; crime; misfortune; calamity
many; numerous; various; large number of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
official; governmental; public (use, matter, forum, etc.); common; being public knowledge; being out in the open
shall ...; to assume; to suppose
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
snake; serpent; large snake
toy; (person or thing treated as a) plaything
to throw; to hurl; to give up; to abandon; to cast (a glance, shadow, doubt, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
educational institution; school; academy; campus
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to farm; to cultivate a field
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to leak out (a secret); to be exposed (a lie, improper behaviour, etc.); to be found out; to get away (of fish)
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
(your) daughter; young woman
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(political) power; authority; influence
to raise (esp. overhead); to brandish (e.g. sword); to flourish; to wield (e.g. power, authority); to proclaim one's principles
(social) standing; status; identity; birth; one's circumstances; one's means
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to oppress; to persecute; to tyrannize
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
kindness; intimacy; friendship
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence