indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
now (when it is already much too late); at this stage; afresh; anew; again
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
thorn; spine; splinter (esp. lodged in one's flesh); hard sharp item (esp. lodged in one's throat, e.g. fish bone); biting words
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in some cases; sometimes; on occasions
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to bare one's fangs; to snarl (at)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
multicolored; multicoloured; of various colors; diverse; of all kinds; all manners of
flowers; beautiful; spectacular
equally (talented, etc.); evenly; neck and neck; nip and tuck
to bloom; to flower; to blossom; to open
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
in that way; thus; so; so?
splendid; magnificent; utter (esp. defeat); total; (arch.) something worth seeing; (arch.) sight
field of flowers; flower garden; flower bed
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you