indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to bend; to flutter; to wave; to yield to; to be swayed by; to bow to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
honorific/polite/humble prefix
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
(some) more; even more; longer; further
hot (thing); passionate (feelings, etc.); ardent; hot (e.g. temper); zealous; enthusiastic; intense
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
in that way; thus; so; so?
as one would expect; naturally; indeed; still; all the same; after all
now; the present time; just now; another; more
shape; form; appearance; state; situation; suitable
hot; warm; passionate; impassioned; on everybody's mind; on the radar
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
weird; ominous; eerie; uncanny; ghastly
to gather; to collect; to assemble
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
custom; practice; said; aforementioned; instance; example
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few