to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to gnaw; to nibble; to bite; to dabble in; to have a smattering of
remnant; residue; remaining; left-over
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
wick; marrow; core; heart; pistil (of a flower); stamen
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis); Jezo spruce
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
squirrel (any mammal of family Sciuridae); Japanese squirrel (Sciurus lis)
(tree) trunk; (arrow) shaft; (tool) handle; backbone; base
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
pole; rod; line; dash; spoken monotonously
to lean against; to set against
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
laziness; shirking; impudent; brazenly dishonest
comfort; ease; easy; simple; (economically) comfortable; raku pottery
passage; path; route; one's way
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
knot; tying; bundle; lumping; conclusion; ending
snare; trap (for catching wild game, etc.); trap (i.e. ruse, subterfuge, etc.)
to start; to begin; to challenge; to pick (a fight); to set (traps); to plant (explosives)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
fruit of a tree; nut; berry