furthermore; besides; moreover; in addition; further; above or beyond this
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
substance; real form; main part; main unit; this machine; this appliance; object of worship (at a shrine, temple, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
one's dearest wish; Buddha's vow to save humanity
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
class; order; et cetera; etc.; equal; iso-
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
being out of time; passing the deadline; time-out
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
reflection; reverberation; reflex; reflexes
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
boo! (sound used to scare someone); ugh (dissatisfaction, aggravation); ulp (consternation)
university town; college town
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
justice; right; righteousness; correct meaning; correct explanation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.