indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
cornerstone; main point; requirement; need; necessary; required
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
father; dad; husband; you; he
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
counter for nights of a stay; overnight stay; lodging
fourth day of the month; four days
trip abroad; overseas travel
in that way; thus; so; so?
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to find resolution; to be settled; to be collected; to be assembled; to be well arranged; to be in order
rest; recess; vacation; holiday; dormancy (of a silkworm prior to moulting)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
alone; by oneself; on one's own
honorific/polite/humble prefix
care-taking; house-sitting; house-watching; caretaker; house-sitter
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
loveable; very likeable; like very much
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
separate; scattered; apart
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
mental condition; state of mind; mentality
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
very much; exceedingly; extremely
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo