indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
new student; freshman; first-year student
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
serious; not joking; straight
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
television; TV; TV program; TV programme; TV broadcast
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
slovenly (appearance, work, etc.); sloppy; untidy; weak; feeble; weak-willed
adds force or indicates command
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to tie; to fasten; to wear (necktie, belt); to put on; to total; to sum; to be strict with
really; truly; indeed; good grief
lately; recently; nowadays
pupil; student; schoolchild
rough; casual (clothing); rough (of a golf course); rough sketch; rough draft
(one's) figure; build; physique; style
shape; form; appearance; state; situation; suitable
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
closing; shutting; firmness; tightness; discipline
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that