single; solo; solitary; just one; only one
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
chance; start; cue; excuse; motive; impetus
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
dispute; strife; quarrel; dissension; conflict; rivalry
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
war; fighting; fierce competition
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
development; growth; development (of a situation, story, etc.); advancement; playing around; having an active sex life
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
passing each other; missing (meeting) each other; failing to meet; (being at) cross purposes; discrepancy
unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
sorrow; grief; anguish; trouble; affliction; anxiety
to be beyond one's capacities; to be beyond one's powers; to be beyond one's control; to be unmanageable
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
treatment; service; handling (of a machine, tool, etc.); operation; treating as; treating like
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
reflection; reconsideration; introspection; regret; repentance; remorse
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
regret; repentance; remorse
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
previous generation (e.g. one's parents); family predecessor; predecessor; previous age
to succeed (someone); to take over from; to pick up the torch
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
orbit; trajectory; railroad track; (right) track; proper course
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself