indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
bowstring; string (of a shamisen, etc.); stringed instrument; chord; hypotenuse
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
thin; slender; fine; unlucky
hard; solid; stiff; tight; strong; firm (not viscous or easily moved); safe
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to break; to snap; to be injured; to wear out; to be worn out; to break; to burst
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
yikes!; eek!; ook; eek; customer
waterway; channel; wake (of a ship)
suffix for familiar person
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that