time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Common Era; CE; Christian Era; Western (Gregorian) calendar
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
change; alteration; modification
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to plan; to form a plan; to scheme; to envision; to intend to do
time; hour; period; class
going upstream; sailing against the current
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
extermination; annihilation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
sword; dagger; knife; bayonet
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
life or death struggle; mortal combat; struggle to the death
to unfold; to unroll; to open
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
(arch.) office; (arch.) official; chief; head; (Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa) person (usually a woman) whose duty it is to officiate at religions ceremonies
Shinsengumi; Edo period police and military force dedicated to suppressing anti-shogunate activities
(your) business; (your) concern; (customer's) order; official business (of the government, Imperial Court, etc.); arrest; capture
former (e.g. name); previous; changed; examination; inspection; investigation
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
shop; store; somebody who sells (something) or works as (something); somebody with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then