indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
November; eleventh month of the lunar calendar
fifth day of the month; five days
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
babysitting; babysitter; protecting; keeping; keeper
cinnabar; vermillion; red pigment (and ink made from same); red text (as used to correct documents)
madder (esp. Japanese madder, Rubia argyi); madder (red color)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
hue; color phase; colour phase
health; healthy; sound; fit
mind; spirit; attitude; mentality; spirit (of a matter); essence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
wonderful; splendid; magnificent
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
the way there; outbound leg; bound for ...; outbound ticket
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
than; from; out of; except; but; more
public safety; public welfare
bureau; department; office (e.g. post, telephone); broadcasting station (e.g. television, radio); affair; situation