indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the heavens; the skies; celestial sphere; heavenly realm; deva realm
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
specific; particular; designated; specifying; designating; identifying
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
meaning; significance; sense
addition; annexation; appendage
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
vast; huge; immense; malva nut (Sterculia lychnophora)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
unit; denomination; credit (in school); in units of (e.g. "in thousands"); in amounts of
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
art; technique; means; way; trick; trap
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
cross; crossed; cruciform
system; lineage; corollary; system (range of strata that correspond to a particular time period); (taxonomical) series
religious organization; religious organisation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
adds force or indicates command
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
Son of God; Jesus Christ; child of God; Christian; prodigy; young ace
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
ago; since; before; previous
affirmation; affirmative (logic)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
drawn-out (protracted) war or contest