this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
in the meanwhile; during the time
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
layer; stratum; class; stratum; sheaf; counter for stories (of a building)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
breaking through; breakthrough; surmounting; overcoming; exceeding; passing
boss; leader; head; boss (difficult enemy, usu. at the end of a section or level)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
capture (of enemy territory); taking (by storm); defeating (an opponent); attacking (a problem) strategically
meeting; conference; session; assembly; council; convention
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
understood; I see; OK; present; here
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in proportion to; according to; depending on
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
occupation; profession; job; vocation; trade; calling
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
-ical; -ive; -like; -ish; (something) like; along the lines of
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not