the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
radio wave; reception; signal; saying strange things
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
vague; obscure; indistinct; hazy; ambiguous
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to anyone; to everyone; by anyone; by everyone; in everyone; in anyone
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
how; in what way; how about
final exam; term-end examination; end-of-term examination
perfectly; right on the mark; spot on; enough; sufficiently; thoroughly