indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stay on (e.g. at one's friends house); to remain in the same neighborhood
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
one color; one colour; one article; same tendency; everyone being caught up in the same thing
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
(arch.) office; (arch.) official; chief; head; (Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa) person (usually a woman) whose duty it is to officiate at religions ceremonies
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
bowl (wooden); counter for bowls of food or drink
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
look here; I say; well; I know what; I'll tell you what; just a minute
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
match; game; bout; contest
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in accordance with; according to; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
followers; subordinates; being under someone's command
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
dropping out of school; withdrawing from school; expulsion from school; dismissal; leaving school (university, etc.) after completing a course
exemption; exoneration; discharge
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)