indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
food; provisions; nourishment (mental, spiritual, etc.); sustenance (e.g. of one's life); source of encouragement
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
kanji (as opposed to kana); printed style (of writing Chinese characters); square style; real name
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
revival (e.g. musical); come-back; restoration; rebirth; resurrection
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
eve (esp. Christmas Eve); the night before
a pair (of shoes or socks)
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
certain; sure; doubtless; I have no doubt; You can depend on it; It's a safe bet
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to endure; to keep out (e.g. rain); to pull through; to get over; to surpass; to outdo
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
radio (communication); wireless; not using wires
covering; protection; backing; relief
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
thoroughly; completely; severely; harshly; (arch.) scattered; (arch.) disconnected
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)