lighting (a lamp); turning on a light
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
to invite; to ask (someone to do); to tempt; to lure; to induce (tears, laughter, sleepiness, etc.); to arouse (e.g. sympathy)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
how; in what way; how about
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
quarrel; brawl; fight; squabble; scuffle; argument
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
work; operation; manufacturing; fatigue duty
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
in that way; thus; so; so?
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest