prefix for forming ordinal numbers
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
lady; matron; mistress; housekeeper
to close (e.g. book, eyes, meeting, etc.); to shut
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to scratch; to perspire; to shovel; to paddle
in general; generally; usually
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
cheap; inexpensive; calm; peaceful; quiet
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
surplus-; excess-; over-; per- (chemical with more of a certain element than found in other compounds of the same constituents)
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
to kick; to refuse; to reject; to stamp (on the ground); to firmly press one's feet (against something)
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
autumn colours; fall colors; leaves turning red; red leaves; leaves turning yellow; yellow leaves; (Japanese) maple (Acer japonicum)
end (e.g. of street); tip; beginning; start; odds and ends; scrap
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
while; even though; despite
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to step aside; to move (i.e. out of the way); to make way
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
the four cardinal directions; north, east, south and west; all around; here and there; four sides (of a square)
old age; age; old people; (arch.) I; (arch.) me; (arch.) my humble self
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
(those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
adds force or indicates command