one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Yamagata (city, prefecture); mountain shape; chevron; cone
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
liver; innards; courage; spirit; crux; essential point
breath; sign (of something new and fresh); breath (of spring, fresh air, etc.); vitality
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
frequently; repeatedly; eagerly; keenly; hard; terribly
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
stock; share; stump; (clump of) roots; plant with attached roots or stem; strain (of bacteria, etc.); stock company
root (of a plant); root (of a tooth, hair, etc.); center (of a pimple, etc.); root (of all evil, etc.); source; one's true nature
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to dig; to excavate; to delve into; to dig up (e.g. vegetables); (for two men) to have anal sex
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
site; point on a map; spot
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
certainly; surely; undoubtedly; just; precisely; exactly
foot (of a mountain or hill); bottom; base
surroundings; environs; circumference
wasteland; wilderness; deserted land; prairie; vast plain; wilds
field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
one part; one portion; one section
various kinds of small trees; assorted trees
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
Asian hazel (Corylus heterophylla var. thunbergii); Siberian hazel
wild rose; bramble; briar patch; obstacle; source of difficulty
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
leaning to the right; turning rightist; being on the (political) right
composition; piece of music; tune; melody; enjoyment; fun
to cut (grass, hair, etc.); to mow; to clip; to trim; to prune; to shear
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
before very long; soon; someday; of the previously mentioned; of that number; among them
to face; to go towards; to head towards
hitting a ball; batting; stroke
dropping; unloading; grated vegetables, fruit, etc.; grater; using new tools (or clothes, etc.); new tools (or clothes, etc.)
while; even though; despite
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself