at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to lift up; to hold up; to give; to offer; to devote; to sacrifice
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
several; a number of; quantity; amount; counting; figures; number
century; era; of the century (e.g. fight of the century)
next (year, spring, etc.); coming; since (last month, etc.); for (20 years, etc.)
rural area; countryside; the sticks; hometown
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
district; region; the country; countryside; civilian society
settlement; permanent residency
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
foreign; imported; outpatient; outpatient care; outpatient clinic
mixed race; mixed parentage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
family; members of a family
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
such; like that; that sort of; very
society; public; community; social studies
various; a variety of; all kinds of; many; diverse
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
invasion; raid; attack; visitation (of a calamity)
in spite of; nevertheless; although; despite; no matter the; regardless of
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
unexpectedly; surprisingly
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
I, myself; one-self; by one-self; even I; even one
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
close connection; deep involvement; close relationship
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
to combine; to join; to tie on; to attach with a knot; to bind (e.g. an address)
one large ...; a great ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned