order; ordering; beginning; start; foreword; preface
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
commemoration; celebration; honoring the memory of something; turning something into a memento; memory
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
inscription; epitaph; (manufacturer's) engraved signature; motto; maxim
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to mince; to cut fine; to carve; to engrave; to tick away (time); to beat out (e.g. rhythm); to etch (into one's mind)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
wall iris; roof iris; Iris tectorum; fleur-de-lis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
and (also); both ... and; as well as
professor; teaching; instruction
economy; economics; finance; (one's) finances; being economical; economy
general; popular; common; typical
condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
proof; certain truth; demonstration; argumentation
beginning; outset; first; onset
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
Lausanne school (of economics)
(sect) founder; apostle; originator; inventor
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
study; research; investigation
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
surface; face (i.e. the visible side of an object); front (of a building, etc.); obverse side (i.e. "head") of a coin; outside; exterior; appearance
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)