victory or defeat; match; contest; game
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
platform; podium; (ceremonial) mound; world (of haiku, art, etc.); (literary) circles; (arch.) mandala
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
bow (weapon); archery; bow (for a violin, etc.)
cane; walking stick; staff; wand
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to prick; to stab; to poke; to prod; to use (a cane); to prop oneself up with
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
lameness; cripple; mismatched pair (of shoes, etc.)
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
but then; although; though; reasonable; natural; just
already; now; by this time; quick; early; fast
now; the present time; just now; another; more
with no physical defects; in perfectly good health; sound in wind and limb
mostly; nearly; practically; well-nigh; almost invariably; all but
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
commander; general; leader
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
injury; wound; mistake; accident; loss
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
wound suffered in a fight
indicates concession or compromise; indicates permission
sick person; patient; invalid
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
finish; completion; the end
present (e.g. government, administration); current; existing
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to ask after (someone's health); to visit; to attack; to strike; to meet with misfortune
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to turn one's face; to turn around; to look over one's shoulder
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...