indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
studying abroad; studying overseas
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
strict; rigid; exact; fair; impartial
judging; inspection; examination; investigation; review
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
woman; female; feminine gender
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
many; numerous; various; large number of
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cause; to induce; to bring about; to pull upright; to help up (e.g. a fallen person)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
acting rashly; running wildly; runaway (process); reckless baserunning
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
force; vigor; influence; authority; impetus; momentum
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
investigation; examination; inquiry; enquiry; survey
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to get to know each other; to make acquaintance
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
by means of; due to; because of; according to
continuation; succession; series
indiscriminate killing; indiscriminate murder
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
victim; injured party; sufferer
bereaved family; surviving family; family of the deceased
old house; deserted house