shock (psychological); crisis (esp. financial); event that rattles the markets; shock (physical, mechanical); shock (e.g. due to lack of blood flow); trauma
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
wife; bride; (one's) daughter-in-law
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to betray; to turn traitor to; to double-cross
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to deceive; to delude; to trick; to be as ... as ... (e.g. "as bright as day", "as beautiful as a rose")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
café; cafe; coffeehouse; hostess bar (serving western alcoholic beverages; Taisho and Showa period)
to work (for); to be employed (at); to serve (as); to act (as); to conduct a religious service
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
hostess bar; bar with female companions for male customers
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
honorific/polite/humble prefix
mother-in-law; foster mother; step mother
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
somehow (or other); for some reason; without knowing why; something (or other); some ... or other
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
such; like that; that sort of; very
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
after all; because; but; even; too; as well