indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
eternity; perpetuity; permanence; immortality
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
love; affection; attachment; craving; agape; Ireland
garden (esp. man-made); orchard; park; place; location
Middle Ages (in Japan esp. the Kamakura and Muromachi periods); medieval times; mediaeval times
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
in that way; thus; so; so?
desire; wish; request; entreaty; prayer; (written) application
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to load (a gun, etc.); to charge; to put into (e.g. emotion, effort); to include (e.g. tax in a sales price); to hang over; to shroud
to raise; to rear; to train; to teach; to promote the growth of; to nurture
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
(a) stop (e.g. in a timber joint, or at the end of a kanji stroke); remaining (e.g. poste-restante); forty-five degree angle
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
silver wedding (anniversary)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
head (of a household); proprietor (of a store); one's husband; (one's) employer; (one's) master; host
to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo